Alfa-gal-allergi (kjøttallergi)

Calamari AM, Popa M, Villalta D, Pravettoni V. Alpha-gal anaphylaxis: the first case report in Italy. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 47: 161-2.

Arslan Lied G. Red meat allergy induced by tick bites: A Norwegian case report. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017 Jul; 49(4): 186-188.

Kaloga M, Kourouma S, Kouassi YI, Ecra EJ, Gbery IP, Allou AS, Diabate A, Djeha D, Sangaré A, Yoboue YP. Allergy to Red Meat: A Diagnosis Made by the Patient and Confirmed by an Assay for IgE Antibodies Specific for Alpha-1,3-Galactose. Case Rep Dermatol 2016; 8: 10-3.

Commins S, Satinover S, Hosen J, Mozena J, Borish L, Lewis B: Delayed anaphylaxis, angioedema, or urticaria after consumption of red meat in patients with IgE antibodies specific for galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123: 426–33.

Plats-Mills TAE, Schuyler AJ, Tripathi A, et al. Anaphylaxis to the carbohydrate side chain alpha-gal. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2015: 35: 247-60.

Chung CH, Mirakhur B, Chan E et al. Cetuximab-induced anaphylaxis and IgE specific for galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1109–17.

Araujo RN, Franco PF, Rodrigues H, Santos LCB, McKay C, Sanhueza CA, Brito N, Azevedo MA, Venuto AN, Cowan PJ, Almeida IC, Finn MG, Marques AF. Amblyomma sculptum tick saliva: α-Gal identification, antibody response and possible association with red meat allergy in Brazil. International Journal of Parasitology 2016; 46: 213-20.

Ankersmit HJ, Copic D, Simader E. When meat allergy meets cardiac surgery: a driver for humanized bioprosthesis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017; 154: 1326-7.

Mozzicato S, Tripathi A, Posthumus JB.Thomas Platts-Mills TAE,Commins SP. Porcine or Bovine Valve Replacement in Three Patients with IgE Antibodies to the Mammalian Oligosaccharide Galactose-alpha-1,3-Galactose. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2014 Sep-Oct; 2(5): 637–638. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2014.04.016. PMCID: PMC4163007

Steinke JW, Platts-Mills TAE, Commins SP. The alpha gal story: Lessons learned from connecting the dots. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 2015;135(3):589-597. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1947.

Lied GA, Lund KB, Storaas T. Intraoperative anaphylaxis to gelatin-based hemostatic agents: a case report. Journal of Asthma and Allergy 2019;12:163-167. doi: 10.2147/JAA.S202784 

Alkoholisk hepatitt

EASL clinical practical guidelines: management of alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2012 Aug; 57(2): 399-420. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.004. Epub 2012 May 26. PMID: 22633836

Alcoholic Hepatitis, Michael R. Lucey, M.D., Philippe Mathurin, M.D., Ph.D., and Timothy R. Morgan, M.D. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 2758-2769

Vergis N, Atkinson SR, Knapp S, et al.  In Patients With Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis, Prednisolone Increases Susceptibility to Infection and Infection-Related Mortality, and Is Associated With High Circulating Levels of Bacterial DNA. Gastroenterology 2017; 152(5): 1068-1077. PMID: 28043903

Ascites forårsaket av levercirrhose

Gines P, Quintero E, Arroyo V: Compensated cirrhosis: natural history and prognosis. Hepatology 1987; 7: 122-128

AASLD PRACTICE GUIDELINE Management of Adult Patients With Ascites Due to Cirrhosis Bruce A. Runyon 2007 og update 2009

Rimola A, et al: Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a consensus document. J Hepatol 2000; 32: 142-153

EASL clinical practical guidelines: management of alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2012 Aug; 57(2): 399-420. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.004. Epub 2012 May 26. PMID: 22633836

Review article: management of ascites and associated complications in patients with cirrhosis J. J. Kuiper, R. A. De Man & H. R. Van Buuren, 2007

Lo GH. Management of acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2010; 26: 55-66

Burroughs AK et al. Primary prevention of variceal haemorrhage: A pharmacological approach. Journal of Hepatology 2010; 52: 946–948

Laine L. Primary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding: An endoscopic approach. Journal of Hepatology 2010; 52: 944–945

Thalheimer et al. Management of varices in cirrhosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 12(5): 721-735

Garcia-Tsao G et al. Management of Varices and Variceal Hemorrhage in Cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 823-32

Carey W. Portal hypertension: Diagnosis and management with particular reference to variceal hemorrhage. Journal of Digestive Diseases 2011; 12; 25–32

Zhang C et al. Oesophageal varices in cirrhotic patients: from variceal screening to primary prophylaxis of the first oesophageal variceal bleeding. Liver International (2010) ISSN 1478-3223; 108-119

Hashizume M et al. Management of gastric varices. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 26 (2011) Suppl. 1; 102–108

D’Amico G et al. Emergency sclerotherapy versus vasoactive drugs for bleeding oesophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 3

De Franchis R. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2010; 53: 762-8 Up to date by 15.02.2012

Tito L, et al: Total paracentesis associated with intravenous albumin management of patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 146-151.

Moore KP, et al: The management of ascites in cirrhosis: report on the consensus conference of the International Ascites Club. Hepatology 2003; 38: 258-266.

Autoimmun hepatitt (AIH)

Krawitt EL. Autoimmune hepatitis. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 54-66. NEJM

Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Ninth Edition, Chapter 8

5. Manns MP, et al: Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 2010; 51: 2193-2213

Advances in the Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, and Management of Autoimmune Hepatitis. Albert J. Czaja* and Michael P. Manns‡ Gastroenterology 2010; 139: 58–72

Boberg KM, Aadland E, Jahnsen J, Raknerud N, Stiris M, Bell H. Incidence and prevalence of primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis in a Norwegian population. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998 Jan; 33(1): 99-103.  PMID: 9489916

Eosinofil øsofagitt

Prasad GA, Alexander JA, Schleck CD, Zinsmeister AR, Smyrk TC, Elias RM, et al. Epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis over three decades in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7(10): 1055-61.

Hruz P, Straumann A, Bussmann C, Heer P, Simon HU, Zwahlen M, et al. Escalating incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis: a 20-year prospective, population-based study in Olten County, Switzerland. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128(6): 1349-50.e5.

Peterson KA, Thomas KL, Hilden K, Emerson LL, Wills JC, Fang JC. Comparison of esomeprazole to aerosolized, swallowed fluticasone for eosinophilic esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55(5): 1313-9.

Dellon ES, Sheikh A, Speck O, Woodward K, Whitlow AB, Hores JM, et al. Viscous topical is more effective than nebulized steroid therapy for patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2012; 143(2): 321-4.e1.

Jacobs JW, Jr., Spechler SJ. A systematic review of the risk of perforation during esophageal dilation for patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2010; 55(6): 1512-5.

Schoepfer AM, Gonsalves N, Bussmann C, Conus S, Simon HU, Straumann A, et al. Esophageal dilation in eosinophilic esophagitis: effectiveness, safety, and impact on the underlying inflammation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010; 105(5): 1062-70.

Dohil R, Newbury R, Fox L, Bastian J, Aceves S. Oral viscous budesonide is effective in children with eosinophilic esophagitis in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2010; 139(2): 418-29.

Dellon ES, Liacouras CA. Advances in Clinical Management of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Gastroenterology . 2014 Dec; 147(6): 1238-54. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.07.055. Epub 2014 Aug 7. Review.

Schaefer ET, Fitzgerald JF, Molleston JP, Croffie JM, Pfefferkorn MD, Corkins MR, et al. Comparison of oral prednisone and topical fluticasone in the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis: a randomized trial in children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6(2): 165-73.

Rank MA, Sharaf RN, Furuta GT, Aceves SS, Greenhawt M, Spergel JM, et al. Technical Review on the Management of Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Report From the AGA Institute and the Joint Task Force on Allergy-Immunology Practice Parameters. Gastroenterology. 2020 May;158(6):1789-1810.e15. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.039.

Maintenance Treatment Of Eosinophilic Esophagitis With Swallowed Topical Steroids Alters Disease Course Over A 5-Year Follow-up Period In Adult Patients. Greuter T, Safroneeva E, Bussmann C, Biedermann L, Vavricka SR, Katzka DA, Schoepfer AM, Straumann A.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Feb;17(3):419-428.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.05.045. 

Budesonide Orodispersible Tablets Maintain Remission in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Patients With Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Straumann A, Lucendo AJ, Miehlke S, Vieth M, Schlag C, Biedermann L, Vaquero CS, Ciriza de Los Rios C, Schmoecker C, Madisch A, Hruz P, Hayat J, von Arnim U, Bredenoord AJ, Schubert S, Mueller R, Greinwald R, Schoepfer A, Attwood S; International EOS-2 Study Group. Gastroenterology. 2020 Nov;159(5):1672-1685.e5. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.07.039. 

Funksjonelle tarmlidelser

Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD et al, Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1480-91

Brian EL et al. Bowel Disorders.  Gastroenterology 2016;150:1393–1407

Ford AC, Talley NJ, Schoenfeld PS et al. Efficacy of antidepressants and psychological therapies in irritable bowel syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 2009; 58: 367-378

Ford AC, Talley NJ, Spegel BMR et al. Effect of fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil in irritable bowel syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Br Med J 2008; 337: 1388-1392

Moayyedi P, Ford AC, Talley NJ, et al. The efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review. Gut 2010; 59: 325-332

Ruepert L, Quartero AO, de Wit NJ, et al. Bulking agents, antispasmodics and antidepressants for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Aug 10

Lovell RM, Ford AC. Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10: 712 – 21, e4.

Berstad A, Undseth R, Lind R et al. Functional bowel symptoms, fibromyalgia and fatigue: a food-induced triad? Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47: 914 – 9.

Camilleri M. Peripheral mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1626 – 35.

Spiller R, Garsed K. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2009; 136: 1979 – 88.

Serra J, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Impaired transit and tolerance of intestinal gas in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2001; 48: 14-9.

Levitt MD, Duane WC. Floating stools – flatus versus fat. N Engl J Med 1972; 286: 973–5.

Spiller RC et al. Guidelines on the irritable bowel syndrome: mechanisms and practical management. Gut 2007; 56: 1770-98.

Staudacher HM, Irving PM, Lomer MC, Whelan K. Mechanisms and efficacy of dietary FODMAP restriction in IBS. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 11: 256–66.

Camilleri M. Novel therapeutic agents in neurogastroenterology: advances in the past year. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26: 1070-8.

Ford AC, Moayyedi P, Lacy BE, Lembo AJ, Saito YA, Schiller LR, Soffer EE, Spiegel BM, Quigley EM; Task Force on the Management of Functional Bowel Disorders. American College of Gastroenterology monograph on the management of irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 Aug;109 Suppl 1:S2-26.

Johnson E, Kjellevold K, Johannessen HO, Drolsum A. Long-Term Outcome after Resection Rectopexy for Internal Rectal Intussusception. ISRN Gastroenterol. 2012; 2012: 824671. Published online 2012 Dec 30. doi: 10.5402/2012/824671 

Mitchell H, Porter J, Gibson PR, Barrett J, Garg M. Review article: implementation of a diet low in FODMAPs for patients with irritable bowel syndrome—directions for future research. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;49:124–139. 

Algera J, Colomier E, Simrén M. The Dietary Management of Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Nar-rative Review of the Existing and Emerging Evidence. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2162; doi:10.3390/nu11092162 

Hustoft T, Hausken T, Ystad SO, Valeur J, Brokstad KA, Hatlebakk JG, Lied GA. Effects of varying dietary content of fermentable short-chain carbohydrates on symptoms, fecal microenvironment, and cytokine profiles in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterology and Motility 2017;29(4):1-9. doi: 10.1111/nmo.12969. 

Dale H, Lied GA. Gut microbiota and therapeutic approaches for dysbiosis in irritable bowel syndrome: Recent developments and future perspectives. Turk J Med Sci. 2020 Mar 28. doi: 10.3906/sag-2002-57 

Nasjonal kompetansetjeneste for funksjonelle mage-tarmsykdommer (NKFM) i Helse Bergen, Haukeland Universitetssykehus: https://helse-bergen.no/nasjonal-kompetansetjeneste-for-funksjonelle-mage-tarmsykdommer-nkfm 

Gastroøsofageal reflukssykdom

Ness-Jensen E, Lindam A, Lagergren J, Hveem K. Changes in prevalence, incidence and spontaneous loss of gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: a prospective population-based cohort study, the HUNT study. Gut 2012; 61(10): 1390-7.

Hansen JM, Wildner-Christensen M, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB. Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in a Danish population: a prospective follow-up analysis of symptoms, quality of life, and health-care use. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104(10): 2394-403.

Hirschowitz BI, Mohnen J, Shaw S. Long-term treatment with lansoprazole for patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1996; 10(4): 507-22.

Seidl H, Gundling F, Schepp W, Schmidt T, Pehl C. Effect of low-proof alcoholic beverages on duodenogastro-esophageal reflux in health and GERD. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011; 23(2): 145-50, e29.

Pehl C, Pfeiffer A, Wendl B, Kaess H. Different effects of white and red wine on lower esophageal sphincter pressure and gastroesophageal reflux. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998; 33(2): 118-22.

Kahrilas PJ, Gupta RR. Mechanisms of acid reflux associated with cigarette smoking. Gut 1990; 31(1): 4-10.

Kahrilas PJ. Cigarette smoking and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dig Dis. 1992; 10(2): 61-71.

Bainbridge ET, Nicholas SD, Newton JR, Temple JG. Gastro-oesophageal reflux in pregnancy. Altered function of the barrier to reflux in asymptomatic women during early pregnancy. Scand J Gastroenterol 1984; 19(1): 85-9.

Yoshida K, Furuta K, Adachi K, Ohara S, Morita T, Tanimura T, et al. Effects of anti-hypertensive drugs on esophageal body contraction. World J Gastroenterol. 2010; 16(8): 987-91.

Rushnak MJ, Leevy CM. Effect of diazepam on the lower esophageal sphincter. A double-blind controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol. 1980; 73(2): 127-30.

van Soest EM, Dieleman JP, Kuipers EJ. The effect of anticholinergic agents on gastro-oesophageal reflux and related disorders. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2008; 7(2): 173-80.

Cameron AJ, Lagergren J, Henriksson C, Nyren O, Locke GR, 3rd, Pedersen NL. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Gastroenterology. 2002; 122(1): 55-9.

Ronkainen J, Aro P, Storskrubb T, Johansson SE, Lind T, Bolling-Sternevald E, et al. High prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms and esophagitis with or without symptoms in the general adult Swedish population: a Kalixanda study report. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005; 40(3): 275-85.

Mittal RK, Balaban DH. The esophagogastric junction. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336(13): 924-32.

Jones MP, Sloan SS, Rabine JC, Ebert CC, Huang CF, Kahrilas PJ. Hiatal hernia size is the dominant determinant of esophagitis presence and severity in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001; 96(6): 1711-7.

Sontag SJ, Sonnenberg A, Schnell TG, Leya J, Metz A. The long-term natural history of gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006; 40(5): 398-404.

Zimmerman J, Shohat V, Tsvang E, Arnon R, Safadi R, Wengrower D. Esophagitis is a major cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the elderly. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997; 32(9): 906-9.

Kaltenbach T, Crockett S, Gerson LB. Are lifestyle measures effective in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease? An evidence-based approach. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166(9): 965-71.

Waldum HL, Arnestad JS, Brenna E, Eide I, Syversen U, Sandvik AK. Marked increase in gastric acid secretory capacity after omeprazole treatment. Gut. 1996; 39(5): 649-53.

Reimer C, Sondergaard B, Hilsted L, Bytzer P. Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy Induces Acid-Related Symptoms in Healthy Volunteers after Withdrawal of Therapy. Gastroenterology 2009; 137(1): 80-7.

Singh S, Garg SK, Singh PP, Iyer PG, El-Serag HB. Acid-suppressive medications and risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with Barrett's oesophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 2014; 63(8): 1229-37.

Hemokromatose

Hagve T-A, Åsberg A, Ulvik R, Borch-Iohnsen B, Thorstensen K. Hemokromatose – fra underdiagnostisert kuriositet til folkesykdom. Oversiktsartikkel. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2009; 129:863 – 6. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.08.0084

Milman N, Pedersen P. Evidence that the Cys282Tyr mutation of the HFE gene originated from a population in Southern Scandinavia and spread with the Vikings. Clin Genet 2003; 64: 36 – 47.

Distante S, Robson KJ, Graham-Campbell J, Arnaiz-Villena A, Brissot P, Worwood M.  Hum Genet. 2004 Sep;115(4):269-79. The origin and spread of the HFE-C282Y haemochromatosis mutation. PMID: 15290237 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-004-1152-4 

Ulvik RJ. Arvelig hemokromatose gjennom 150 år. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen nr. 23 – 24, 2016; 136: 2017 – 21.

Hepatisk encefalopati

Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy. S. M. Riordan, R. Williams, NEJM Vol. 1997; 337(7): 473-79

Branched-chain amino acids for people with hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 25;2:CD001939. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001939.pub2.

Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Review of Its Pathophysiology and Treatment. Nader Dbouk, MD Brendan M. McGuire, MD, MS* Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology 2006, 9: 464–474

Cordoba J, Lopez-Hellin J, Planas M, Sabin P, Sanpedro F, Castro F, et al. Normal protein diet for episodic hepatic encephalopathy: results of a randomized study. J Hepatol 2004; 41: 38-4

Branched-chain amino acids for people with hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 25;2:CD001939. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001939.pub2.

Inflammatorisk tarmsykdom

Sartor, Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 3: 390-407

Jahnsen J, Røseth AG, Aadland. Måling av kaprotektin i feces. TnLF 2009; 129: 743-5. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.08.0010

Legemiddelinduserte leverskader

Erik Andrew, Giftinformasjonen, Helsedirektoratet, Oslo . 21.08.2012. Dødelighet og sykelighet av paracetamolforgiftninger i Norge

Drug-induced liver injury. Grant LM, Rockey DC. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2012 May; 28(3): 198-202. Review

Lee WM. Drug-induced acute liver failure in the United State 2005: Results from the U.S. Acute Liver Failure Study Group. FDA-PhRMA-AASLD Hepatotoxicity Steering Committee meeting 28 January 2005

Liss G, Lewis JH. Drug-induced liver injury. Exp Opin Drug Metabolism Toxicol 2009; 5: 843-60

Levercirrhose

Crawford JM. Liver and biliary tract. In: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, eds. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier Saunders, 2005: 877-938

Parola M, Robino G: Oxidative stress-related molecules and liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 2001; 35(2): 297-306

Matvareintoleranse og allergi i gastrointestinaltraktus

Lied GA, Lillestol K, Lind R et al. Perceived food hypersensitivity: a review of 10 years of interdisciplinary research at a reference center. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46(10): 1169-78.

Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R et al. Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003. J Allergy Clin.Immunol. 2004; 113:832-6.

Gibson PR, Shepherd SJ. Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010; 25: 252-8.

Jarlsberg I, Valeur J, Berstad A. Laktosemalaborpsjon – en fordel? Norsk Tidsskrift for Ernæring. 2008; 6: 10-3.

Swallow DM. Genetics of lactase persistence and lactose intolerance. Annu Rev Genet 2003; 37: 197 - 219.

Wooding SP. Following the herd. Nat Genet 2007; 39: 7-8.

Farup PG, Monsbakken KW, Vandvik PO. Lactose malabsorption in a population with irritable bowel syndrome: prevalence and symptoms. A case-control study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004; 39: 645-9.

Reinton N, Buchmann M, Moghaddam A. Evaluering av gentlest for laktasemangel. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 2007; 127: 3057-60.

Shils ME, Shike M, Ross AC et al, red. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 10. utg. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams&Wilkins, 2006

Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA. Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1996; 64: 232-6.

Szilagyi A. Review article: lactose – a potential prebiotic. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 1591-602.

Wilt TJ, Shaukat A, Shamliyan T, Taylor BC, MacDonald R, Tacklind J, Rutks I, Schwarzenberg SJ, Kane RL, Levitt M. Lactose intolerance and health. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2010; 192: 1-410.

Lie GA, Hagen AN. Eksperter kaller matintoleranse­tester for svindel. Ina (26) fikk påvist intoleranse hun ikke hadde. Bergens Ti-dende. 2020-01-21.Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food allergy: A review and update on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 Jan;141(1):41-58. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.003. Epub 2017 Nov 21. 

De Martinis M, Sirufo MM, Suppa M, Ginaldi L. New Perspectives in Food Allergy. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 21;21(4):1474. doi: 10.3390/ijms21041474

Nance CL, Deniskin R, Diaz VC, Paul M, Anvari S, Anagnostou A. The Role of the Microbiome in Food Allergy: A Review. Children (Basel). 2020 May 26;7(6):50. doi: 10.3390/children7060050 

Santos AF. Prevention of food allergy: can we stop the rise of IgE mediated food allergies? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Dec 30; doi: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000000719. 

Non-ulkus dyspepsi

Seung Joo Kang 1, Boram Park 2, Cheol Min Shin 3 Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy for Functional Dyspepsia: A Meta-Analysis by Region and H. pylori Prevalence J Clin Med 2019 Aug 28;8(9):1324. doi: 10.3390/jcm8091324.

Pancreassykdommer

Sadr-Azodi O, Andren-Sandberg A, Orsini N, Wolk A (2012) Cigarette smoking, smoking cessation and acute pancreatitis: a prospective population-based study. Gut 61: 262-267. PMID: 21836026

Tolstrup JS, Kristiansen L, Becker U, Gronbaek M (2009) Smoking and risk of acute and chronic pancreatitis among women and men: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med 169: 603-609. PMID: 19307524

Masson E, Chen JM, Audrezet MP, Cooper DN, Ferec C (2013) A conservative assessment of the major genetic causes of idiopathic chronic pancreatitis: data from a comprehensive analysis of PRSS1, SPINK1, CTRC and CFTR genes in 253 young French patients. PLoS One 8: e73522.

Rosendahl J, Landt O, Bernadova J, Kovacs P, Teich N, et al. (2013) CFTR, SPINK1, CTRC and PRSS1 variants in chronic pancreatitis: is the role of mutated CFTR overestimated? Gut 62: 582-592.

Raina A, Yadav D, Krasinskas AM, McGrath KM, Khalid A, et al. (2009) Evaluation and management of autoimmune pancreatitis: experience at a large US center. Am J Gastroenterol 104: 2295-2306.

Swaroop VS, Chari ST, Clain JE (2004) Severe acute pancreatitis. Jama 291: 2865-2868.

Yadav D, Agarwal N, Pitchumoni CS (2002) A critical evaluation of laboratory tests in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 97: 1309-1318.

Banks PA, Bollen TL, Dervenis C, Gooszen HG, Johnson CD, et al. (2013) Classification of acute pancreatitis--2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut 62: 102-111.

Ammann RW, Muellhaupt B (1999) The natural history of pain in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 116: 1132-1140.

Talamini G, Bassi C, Falconi M, Sartori N, Vaona B, et al. (2007) Smoking cessation at the clinical onset of chronic pancreatitis and risk of pancreatic calcifications. Pancreas 35: 320-326.

Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels AB, Mullhaupt B, Cavallini G, Lankisch PG, et al. (2005) Cigarette smoking accelerates progression of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Gut 54: 510-514.

Barreto SG. How does cigarette smoking cause acute pancreatitis? Pancreatology 2015 Sep 18. pii: S1424-3903(15)00637-7. doi: 10.1016/j.pan.2015.09.002. [Epub ahead of print]

Greer JB, Thrower E, Yadav D. Epidemiologic and Mechanistic Associations Between Smoking and Pancreatitis. Curr Treat Options Gastro (2015) 13: 332–346. doi 10.1007/s11938-015-0056-9. PMID: 26109145

Primær biliær cholangitt (PBC)

Zakim and Boyers Hepatology, Chapter 41. Sleisenger and Fordtrans gastrointestinal and liver diseases, Chapter 89.

EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of cholestatic liver diseases. J Hepatol 2009; 51:237-267

Budesonide combined with UDCA to improve liver histology in primary biliary cirrhosis: a three-year randomized trial. Hepatology. 2005; 41: 747–752

Boberg, K. M. & al H.'Incidence and Prevalence of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, and Autoimmune Hepatitis in a Norwegian Population', Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 33: 1, 99-103

Primær skleroserende kolangitt (PSC)

Primary sclerosing cholangitis: meta-analysis of diagnostic performance of MR cholangiopancreatography. Dave M, Elmunzer BJ, Dwamena BA, Higgins PD. Radiology. 2010 Aug; 256(2): 387-96

Berstad AE, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 514–520

EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of cholestatic liver diseases. J Hepatol 2009; 51: 237-267

Karlsen TH, Vesterhus M, Boberg KM. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Feb; 39(3): 282-301. doi: 10.1111/apt.12581. Epub 2013 Dec 29. Review article: controversies in the management of primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Boberg KM, Aadland E, Jahnsen J, Raknerud N, Stiris M, Bell H. Incidence and prevalence of primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis in a Norwegian population. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998 Jan; 33(1): 99-103.

Ulkussykdom

Gastroenterology. 2019 Jul;157(1):44-53. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.04.011. Epub 2019 Apr 15. Reconciliation of Recent Helicobacter pylori Treatment Guidelines in a Time of Increasing Resistance to Antibiotics. Fallone CA1, Moss SF2, Malfertheiner P3.

Seung Joo Kang, Boram Park, Cheol Min Shin. Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy for Functional Dyspepsia: A Meta-Analysis by Region and H. pylori Prevalence J Clin Med 2019 Aug 28;8(9):1324. doi: 10.3390/jcm8091324.

Øsofagusvaricer

Laine L. Upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage. West J Med 1991; 155: 274-9

Grønbæk H, Vilstrup H.. Behandling af blødende øsofagusvaricer. Ugeskrift Laeger 2007; 169: 2751

Management of variceal and nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2014 Sep; 7(5): 206–216. doi: 10.1177/1756283X14538688 PMCID: PMC4107701