G23.3 Kilder

Miljøpåvirkning av legemidler

Cunningham VL, Buzby M, Hutchinson T, Mastrocco F, Parke N, Roden N. 2006. Effects of human pharmaceuticals on aquatic life: next steps. Environ Sci Technol 40: 3456-62. 

EMA European Medicines Agency. 2006. Guideline on the environmental risk assessment of medicinal products for human use. . http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/10/WC500003978.pdf 

Galligan, T.H., Amano, T., Prakash, V.M., Kulkarni, M., Shringarpure, R., Prakash, N., Ranade, S., Green, R.E., Cuthbert, R.J., 2014. Have population declines in Egyptian Vulture and Red-headed Vulture in India slowed since the 2006 ban on veterinary diclofenac? Bird Conservation International 24, 272–281. doi:10.1017/S0959270913000580 

Galligan, Toby H., Krishna P. Bhusal, Khadananda Paudel, Devendra Chapagain, Ankit B. Joshi, Ishwari P. Chaudhary, Anand Chaudhary, Hem S. Baral, Richard J. Cuthbert, og Rhys E. Green. 2020. «Partial Recovery of Critically Endangered Gyps Vulture Populations in Nepal». Bird Conservation International 30 (1): 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270919000169.

Grung M, Kallqvist T, Sakshaug S, Skurtveit S, Thomas K. 2008. Environmental assessment of Norwegian priority pharmaceuticals based on the EMEA guideline. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 71:328-340; doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.10.015. 

Grung, M., Heimstad, E.S., Moe, M., Schlabach, M., Svenson, A., Thomas, K.V., et al. 2008. Human and veterinary pharmaceuticals, narcotics and personal care products in the environment. Miljødirektoratet report TA 2325-2007. 

Grung, M., Källqvist, T., Thomas, K.V. 2007. Initial assessment of eleven pharmaceuticals using the EMEA guideline in Norway, Miljødirektoratet report TA 2216-2007. 49. 

Grung, M., Thomas, K.V. 2010. Miljøpåvirkning av legemidler (G23). I Norsk legemiddelhåndbok for helsepersonell 2010, pp. 1973-1982. 

Herrero-Villar, Marta, Émilie Delepoulle, Laura Suárez-Regalado, Carlos Solano-Manrique, Carles Juan-Sallés, Juan J. Iglesias-Lebrija, Pablo R. Camarero, Fernando González, Ernesto Álvarez, og Rafael Mateo. 2021. «First Diclofenac Intoxication in a Wild Avian Scavenger in Europe». Science of The Total Environment 782 (august): 146890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146890.

Kümmerer K. 2001. Pharmaceuticals in the Environment - Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks. Springer. 

Langford K, Thomas KV. 2011. Input of selected human pharmaceutical metabolites into the Norwegian aquatic environment. J. Environ. Monit. 13:416; doi:10.1039/c0em00342e 

Langford KH, Thomas KV. 2009. Determination of pharmaceutical compounds in hospital effluents and their contribution to wastewater treatment works. Environment international 35: 766–770. 

Läkemedelsverket i Sverige. 2004. Miljöpåverkan från läkemedel samt kosmetiska och hygieniska produkter. 286. 

Maes, Hanna. 2011. «Fate of ethinylestradiol in the aquatic environment and the associated effects on organisms of different trophic levels». Belgium: Aachen University. http://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/82686/files/3867.pdf.

More, Simon John, Vasileios Bampidis, Diane Benford, Susanne Hougaard Bennekou, Claude Bragard, Thorhallur Ingi Halldorsson, Antonio F Hernández‐Jerez, mfl. 2019. «Guidance on Harmonised Methodologies for Human Health, Animal Health and Ecological Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Multiple Chemicals». EFSA Journal 17 (3). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5634. 

Oaks Jl, Gilbert M,Virani MZ, Watson RT, Meteyer CU, Rideout BA et al. Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan. Nature 2004;427:630-3. 

Prakash, Vibhu, Toby H. Galligan, Soumya S. Chakraborty, Ruchi Dave, Mandar D. Kulkarni, Nikita Prakash, Rohan N. Shringarpure, Sachin P. Ranade, og Rhys E. Green. 2019. «Recent Changes in Populations of Critically Endangered Gyps Vultures in India». Bird Conservation International 29 (1): 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270917000545.

Sakshaug, S., Strøm, H., Berg, C., Litleskare, I., Salvesen Blix, H., Rønning, M., et al. 2011. Legemiddelforbruket i Norge 2006-2010. 

Scheurer, Marco, Karsten Nödler, Finnian Freeling, Joachim Janda, Oliver Happel, Marcel Riegel, Uwe Müller, mfl. 2017. «Small, Mobile, Persistent: Trifluoroacetate in the Water Cycle – Overlooked Sources, Pathways, and Consequences for Drinking Water Supply». Water Research 126 (desember): 460–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.09.045. 

Schlabach, M., Dye, C., Kaj, L., Klausen, S., Langford, K., Leknes, H., et al. 2009. Environmental screening of selected organic compounds 2008. Human and hospital-use pharmaceuticals, aquaculture medicines and personal care products.Miljødirektoratet report TA 2508-2009. 114. 

Sommerschild, Hilchen Thode, Christian Lie Berg, Hege Salvesen Blix, Live Storehagen Dansie, Irene Litleskare, Kristine Olsen, Mohammad Nouri Sharikabad, Maria Amberger, Sissel Torheim, og Tove Granum. u.å. «Drug Consumption in Norway 2016-2020. Data from Norwegian Drug Wholesales Statistics and Norwegian Prescription Database», nr. 2021: 160. 

Thomas KV, Dye C, Schlabach M, Langford KH. 2007. Source to sink tracking of selected human pharmaceuticals from two Oslo city hospitals and a wastewater treatment works. J. Environ. Monit. 9:1410; doi:10.1039/b709745j. 

Thomas, K.V., Langford, K., Grung, M., Schlabach, M., Dye, C. 2007. Occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluents from hospitals (Ullevål and Rikshospitalet) and VEAS wastewater treatment works. Miljødirektoratet report TA 2246-2008. 37. 

Vasskog T. Occurence of selected antidepressants in the Norwegian environment. PhD; University of Tromsø: Tromsø; 2008 

Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet VKM. 2009. Risk assessment of contaminants in sewage sludge applied on Norwegian soils. 

Wennmalm Å, Gunnarsson B. 2010. Experiences with the Swedish environmental classification scheme. In Green and sustainable pharmacy, pp. 243-249, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. 

https://www.richwaters.se/forekomst-av-organiska-miljofororeningar-i-svenska-ytvatten-kartlaggning-av-sveriges-tre-storsta-sjoar-tillrinnande-vattendrag-och-utlopp/ 

https://www.ssb.no/natur-og-miljo/vann-og-avlop/statistikk/kommunalt-avlop

https://www.lif.se/contentassets/f71a626a8c5746dfbddfe3e23f17ad32/environmental-classification-of-apis-on-fass-se.pdf